Huangpi anthracnose is a widespread and economically significant disease affecting orchards, particularly in certain regions where it causes severe damage and substantial losses. The disease can occur at any stage of the plant's growth, leading to leaf spots, leaf rot, branch dieback, and fruit rot, all of which significantly impact yield and fruit quality.
The symptoms of Huangpi anthracnose vary depending on the infected part of the plant. On leaves, small, round or semi-circular lesions appear, ranging from 1 to 2 mm in diameter. These spots may merge into larger patches over time, with the center turning gray and the edges showing distinct discoloration. As the disease progresses, small black structures called conidial plates develop on the lesions. In more advanced stages, the entire leaf may become brown and rotten, with no clear boundary between healthy and diseased tissue. This rapid spread can lead to premature defoliation. Similarly, the petiole (leaf stalk) may turn brown, causing the leaf to wilt and fall early. On branches and stems, brown necrotic areas appear, often covered with numerous small black spots. Fruit infection begins as water-soaked, brown spots that expand into circular lesions, leading to soft, sunken, and discolored areas. The surface becomes covered with orange-red spores, especially in mature fruits, which are more susceptible than younger ones.
The pathogen responsible for Huangpi anthracnose is *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides* (Penz.), which belongs to the subgenus *Menchid*. The small black structures observed on infected tissues are conidial plates, while the orange-red spores are conidia. These spores are oval or cylindrical, single-celled, and colorless, often containing an oil droplet inside.
The disease cycle of Huangpi anthracnose involves overwintering of the pathogen in dead branches, infected leaves, and fallen fruits, primarily in the form of mycelium and conidial plates. In spring, under favorable temperature and humidity conditions, the pathogen produces large numbers of conidia, which are dispersed by wind and rain, initiating new infections. The pathogen is known for its latent infection capability, meaning it can remain dormant within the host until conditions become favorable for disease development. It typically invades young flowers and fruits, and the disease manifests when the fruit reaches maturity, leading to fruit rot. High temperatures, excessive rainfall, and high humidity create ideal conditions for disease outbreaks. Poor orchard management, weak tree health, and dense planting also contribute to increased disease severity.
To manage Huangpi anthracnose effectively, several control measures should be implemented. First, proper cultivation and orchard management are essential. After harvest, plowing the soil and applying organic fertilizers can enhance plant resistance. Second, removing overwintering sources of the pathogen is crucial. During winter, prune and remove all diseased branches, leaves, and fruits, and burn the collected debris. A 40% mancozeb suspension diluted 500 times can be applied to reduce the risk of future infections. Third, protective sprays during critical periods—such as the growing season, flowering, and young fruit development—are vital. Recommended fungicides include 50% carbendazim WP diluted 500–600 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP diluted 800–1000 times, 65% zineb WP diluted 50 times, or 40% emexin (EV) solution diluted 500 times. Regular monitoring and timely application of these treatments can significantly reduce the occurrence and impact of the disease.
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