Machine-planting Rice Dry Rice Raising Technology and Operation Process
Hongze County in Jiangsu Province has been experimenting with and promoting machine-planting rice technology since 1999. Over time, the technique has been widely adopted across the county, with a comprehensive system of double-membrane dry nursery technology being developed and refined. The "Technology and Operational Standards for Drying Rice Seedlings with Double-Membrane" were established, including specifications for nutrient soil preparation, base film drilling, and sowing density. Major advancements have been made in chemical treatment, seedling handling, water management, and tool standardization, making the transplanting process simpler, more cost-effective, and easier for farmers to adopt.
During the application and promotion of machine transplants, it was found that the double-film dry nursery method is suitable for high-quality seedlings, with a relatively short planting window. Typically, the seedling age does not exceed 20 days, but under high temperatures, eel sprouts may occur. This can lead to seedlings that are too tall for the machine, causing issues like weak root development, poor packing, and reduced survival rates. The double-membrane dry nursery technique addresses these problems by controlling water from the early stages, allowing for longer seedling ages while maintaining quality. Dry seedlings improve elasticity, making them more suitable for mechanical planting in terms of height and structure. The planting wounds, rooting ability, and growth period of the seedlings have all seen improvements, with some seedlings being planted as old as 28 days without compromising quality.
In 2003, during a month of continuous rain in late June, Hongze County experienced low light levels and diseases such as stripe leaf blight and leaf curling. However, rice transplanted using the double-membrane dry nursery technique yielded 589 kg per mu, which was 121 kg higher than the county average. Farmers also found that machine planting offers better economic benefits. The cost per hectare was reduced by over 20 yuan, with machine-transplanted seedlings costing 22 yuan per mu compared to 35.30 yuan for manually planted ones. Manual planting labor costs were 45 yuan per mu, while machine planting only required 35 yuan. The total cost for machine planting, including seedlings, was 60 yuan per mu, whereas manual methods reached 80 yuan per mu.
The current procedures for double-membrane dry seedling technology include:
**First, Seedbed Preparation:**
**(A) Nutrient Soil Preparation:**
1. Use 0.13 m³ of sifted fine soil per acre for both nutrient soil and topsoil.
2. Collect bed soil from vegetable fields, wadi areas, or plowed rice fields. Avoid herbicide-treated soil. Sieve the soil through an 88mm mesh before spring.
3. Mix 5kg of wetland green per cubic meter of fine soil to prepare nutrient soil, ensuring even distribution.
**(B) Base Film Preparation:**
1. Use 1.4m wide and 4.2m long agricultural film per acre.
2. Choose appropriate thickness to avoid damage and high costs.
3. Drill 3mm holes on the film at 34cm intervals, ensuring spacing between 3cm and 5cm to promote air and water exchange.
**(C) Seedbed Layout:**
1. Maintain a 1:100 ratio between the seedbed and the field.
2. Set up seedbeds 1.4m wide, with 0.25m furrows and 0.15m depth.
3. Choose flat, well-drained plots close to water sources. Ensure the surface is firm and level before planting.
**(D) Seed Preparation:**
Measure 4kg of seeds per acre, considering factors like thousand-grain weight, germination rate, and survival rate. Dry, sieve, and weigh the seeds before soaking.
**Other Materials Needed:**
- Fertilizer: 5kg/m³ of dry green.
- Pesticides: Prepare imidacloprid and other agents according to instructions.
- Wooden strips, reed rods, and straw for covering.
- Cutting tools for precision transplantation.
**Second, Precision Sowing:**
- Determine sowing dates based on crop rotation and transplanting needs. Seedlings should not be older than 28 days.
- Sowing density is around 0.75kg/m² for conventional varieties like Wuyujing No. 3.
- Soak seeds in chemicals and pre-germinate them within two days.
**Third, Field Operations:**
- Apply pesticides, lay base films, and embed wooden strips.
- Spread nutrient soil, scrape it evenly, and flood it before draining.
- Disinfect the soil, sow seeds, cover with fine soil, place reed rods, and seal the film tightly.
- Cover with straw to prevent overheating.
**Fourth, Seedling Management:**
- Water only when necessary, avoiding excessive moisture.
- Apply small amounts of urea if needed, and control growth with paclobutrazol if necessary.
- Monitor pests and diseases closely, applying treatments before transplanting.
**Fifth, Seedling Quality Requirements:**
- Seedlings should be 15–21cm tall, with strong disc strength (around 6kg), and moisture content of about 35%.
**Sixth, Cutting and Transplanting:**
- Cut seedlings into 27.5–27.9cm wide and 60cm long squares, roll them carefully, and transport to the field.
- Stack no more than three layers to avoid deformation and machine blockage.
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