Spirulina cultivation method
Spirulina is one of the oldest photosynthetic and autotrophic microalgae, known for its spiral shape when viewed under a microscope. This ancient organism thrives in high-temperature (25°C to 30°C) and high-alkaline (pH 8 to 11) environments. It stands out not only for being among the most nutritious, comprehensive, and balanced foods on the planet but also for its high light efficiency, strong adaptability, short growth cycle, rapid reproduction, and high yield. Its artificial cultivation is highly efficient, making it a popular choice for both commercial and small-scale farming.
The key conditions for growing Spirulina include sufficient light, optimal temperature, nutrient-rich culture medium, and proper ventilation. Factors such as pH level, water depth, flow rate, oxygen content, and the availability of essential nutrients all play a critical role in production. Therefore, the culture tanks should be placed in areas with good water quality, suitable lighting, and ample space. The ideal pH range is 7 to 11, preferably between 8 and 9, while the water depth should be around 0.2 to 0.3 meters. The water temperature should be maintained between 18°C and 38°C, with the best range being 26°C to 32°C.
Currently, the main species cultivated worldwide are *Spirulina platensis* (originally from Lake Chad in Africa) and *Spirulina maxima* (native to Mexico). In China, researchers discovered a natural variant strain called *Spirulina platensis* S6, which adapts well to temperate climates along the coast of Hebei Province. Another strain, *Spirulina platensis* S1, was introduced from Chad. Additionally, strains like ST-6 and Spirulina salt have been developed in China. These varieties can be selected based on local conditions. Among them, *Spirulina sinensis* is particularly suited for high-temperature, saline, and seawater environments.
There are several methods for cultivating Spirulina:
1. **Home Farming**: Individuals can purchase specialized spirulina culture kits or use white enamel basins or cylindrical containers—aluminum bowls should be avoided. The scale of cultivation depends on annual usage.
2. **Easy Cultivation**: This method uses simple equipment, such as a pool that can be constructed on-site, provided it doesn't leak. The pool should be about 30 cm deep, and the area should be as large as possible.
3. **Natural Lake Farming**: Since Spirulina naturally grows in salty lakes, using natural lakes for cultivation is the most traditional and cost-effective method. However, not all lakes are suitable due to specific requirements for light, temperature, and pH. Suitable lakes must be identified through testing and selection.
4. **Factory Cultivation**: This involves advanced equipment and strict management. Raceway-shaped cement pools are commonly used, with a recommended breeding area of 15,000 square meters per unit. Open or closed systems can be used, with open systems resembling natural conditions and closed systems using bioreactors with either natural or artificial light.
The nutrient requirements for Spirulina include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and a significant amount of carbon dioxide. A typical nutrient solution consists of baking soda, salt, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium nitrate, calcium chloride, and iron sulfite. The production process includes: original culture → first-stage culture → second-stage culture → production pond → harvesting → rinsing → dehydration → spray drying → sterilization → inspection → packaging → storage. Depending on the intended use, it can be classified as pharmaceutical, food, or feed grade.
Controlling predators is crucial in Spirulina farming. Contaminating organisms, such as large rotifers, can rapidly multiply and harm the algae by consuming cells or releasing toxic substances. Prevention is key—strict hygiene, maintaining the dominance of Spirulina, and using filtration to remove larger predators are effective strategies. Chemicals can also be used to suppress or eliminate harmful organisms, and environmental conditions can be adjusted to reduce their impact. Regular monitoring and quick action are essential to ensure successful cultivation.
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