Occurrence and Control of Soybean Bean Moth
The pod moth poses a serious threat to crops, particularly through the feeding behavior of its larvae. Young larvae create small holes and notches on the leaves, while older larvae, after the third instar, can completely defoliate plants, leaving them unable to recover. This severe damage significantly reduces crop yield and quality.
Regarding their life cycle, adult moths are most active from mid to late July through early August, during which they lay eggs prolifically. Larval populations peak between late July and late August, and by early September, the mature larvae turn yellow and burrow into the soil to overwinter.
Adults are nocturnal and are strongly attracted to black light. They become active in the evening, are highly mobile, and mate at night. Eggs are laid three days after mating, typically on the underside of bean leaves, with one or two eggs per leaf. The eggs hatch within seven days, giving rise to larvae that feed primarily at night. During the day, they tend to hide on the upper surfaces of leaves or stems. Early instar larvae (1st to 2nd) consume relatively little and rarely move to new plants, but once they reach the 4th instar, they begin to migrate, causing widespread damage. By the 5th instar, their feeding rate increases dramatically, accounting for about 90% of their total food intake. The larval stage lasts approximately 30 to 35 days.
Environmental conditions play a key role in the occurrence of the pod moth. Dry weather is unfavorable for their development, while dense plantations, low-lying areas, and fertile soils provide ideal conditions for infestations. Early-maturing soybean varieties tend to be more vulnerable. Moderate rainfall during the growing season promotes high infestation levels, whereas excessive rain can delay the outbreak.
To manage the pod moth, trapping adults using black light is an effective method. This helps reduce egg laying in the field and minimizes damage. For chemical control, it's crucial to target larvae before the third instar. Recommended treatments include spraying 1500–2000 times diluted 4.5% beta-cypermethrin or 1500 times diluted 50% phoxim EC, applying 50 kg of solution per acre. Since larvae are active at night, it's best to spray after 5:00 PM for maximum effectiveness.
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