Non-pollution Leaf Vegetable Production Technology in Yunnan Province
The production of pollution-free leafy vegetables requires strict adherence to environmental and agricultural standards to ensure both quality and safety. Below is a comprehensive guide that outlines the key requirements and practices for cultivating these vegetables effectively.
1. **Production Site Environment Requirements**
1.1 **Selection of Production Area**
The ideal site should be located in regions with good ecological conditions, free from pollution sources such as industrial waste, medical sewage, municipal garbage, and domestic wastewater. These areas should also be situated away from major roads and urban or industrial zones—ideally more than 100 meters from highways. Additionally, regions with high levels of soil heavy metals or endemic diseases linked to water and soil contamination should not be used for growing leafy vegetables.
2. **Cultivation Measures**
2.1 **Variety Selection**
Choose disease-resistant, high-yielding, and high-quality varieties suitable for different seasons. For winter crops, select cold-tolerant and early-maturing types, while summer and autumn crops require heat-resistant varieties.
2.2 **Seed Disinfection and Treatment**
Seeds should be disinfected using methods like warm soaking (50–55°C), chemical soaking (e.g., potassium permanganate), or seed dressing with fungicides such as thiram or chlorothalonil. Some seeds, like lettuce and garlic, may need cold treatment before germination.
2.3 **Cultivating Strong Seedlings**
Use low-toxicity pesticides on seedbeds, control temperature and humidity, and harden off seedlings for 7 days before transplanting to improve their resilience.
2.4 **Site Preparation**
Clear the field of debris, crop residues, and plastic films. Loosen the soil, level the ground, and ensure proper drainage.
2.5 **Rational Cultivation**
Avoid continuous cropping, especially with cruciferous vegetables. Rotate crops and intercrop to reduce pests and diseases.
2.6 **Timely Sowing and Planting**
Adjust sowing dates based on climate and variety. Winter crops are usually sown before the Spring Festival, while summer and autumn crops are planted in summer and harvested in autumn.
2.7 **Field Management**
Maintain proper plant density, remove diseased plants, and manage humidity to prevent disease spread. In winter, focus on bottom pod growth to protect the soil and maintain cleanliness.
3. **Pest and Disease Control Principles and Methods**
3.1 **Common Pests and Diseases**
Major diseases include downy mildew, soft rot, viral infections, and black spot. Common pests include aphids, cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moths, and leek pests.
3.2 **Pest and Disease Characteristics**
Soft rot occurs in wet or low-lying areas, while downy mildew thrives in cloudy, humid conditions. Dry weather increases the risk of aphid infestations and viral diseases.
3.3 **Control Principles**
Follow a "prevention first" strategy, combining cultural, physical, biological, and chemical methods. Prioritize safe and environmentally friendly practices to minimize pesticide use.
3.4 **Control Methods**
- **Agricultural Control**: Use resistant varieties, rotate crops, and manage irrigation.
- **Physical Control**: Use yellow sticky traps and reflective films to repel pests.
- **Biological Control**: Apply bio-pesticides like BT, neem oil, and pheromones.
- **Chemical Control**: Use approved pesticides at recommended concentrations, avoiding overuse and toxic products.
4. **Fertilizer Application Principles and Methods**
4.1 **Fertilizer Use Principles**
Emphasize organic fertilizers, balanced nutrient application, and soil testing. Limit nitrogen use and promote the use of microbial and specialized fertilizers.
4.2 **Base Fertilization**
Combine organic and inorganic fertilizers during soil preparation. Apply phosphorus and part of potassium and nitrogen as base fertilizer, ensuring a 1:1 ratio of organic to inorganic nutrients.
4.3 **Top-dressing**
Apply nitrogen-based top-dressings early and in moderation. Avoid applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers within 20 days of harvest.
4.4 **Organic Fertilizer Preparation**
Human waste, compost, and biogas slurry must be fully decomposed and detoxified before use.
4.5 **Prohibited Fertilizers**
Do not use unregistered fertilizers, nitrate-based fertilizers, raw organic waste, or those with high heavy metal content.
By following these guidelines, farmers can produce high-quality, safe leafy vegetables that meet both consumer demand and environmental standards.
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