Breeding Technology
(i) Reproductive Characteristics: One significant group of vertebrates represents an intermediate stage in the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. These animals are characterized by external fertilization, where both males and females release their gametes into water. The eggs are fertilized outside the body and hatch in the aquatic environment. Initially, the young breathe through gill-like structures similar to earthworms. After approximately 60 days of development, they undergo metamorphosis—losing their tails and developing a beak-like mouth, marking their shift to a land-based lifestyle. At this point, they begin breathing with lungs. Their skin secretes mucus to aid respiration, and internal organs continue to develop. By around 16 months of age, they reach full maturity and become sexually active. Most mating occurs in spring, with males typically embracing females. When females release their eggs, males complete the fertilization process externally, ensuring the next generation begins its life cycle.
(B) Artificial Breeding and Sexual Dimorphism: In species like the pheasant, sexual dimorphism is clearly visible. Males often have dark green or brown feathers on their backs, with distinct colored markings along their sides, while females display lighter coloring, with white underbellies and patterns of milky yellow, brown, or black. During March and April each year, healthy, mature, and disease-free adult individuals are selected for artificial breeding. They are placed in spawning ponds filled with water at a depth of 20–50 cm, maintained at a stable temperature of 25°C. Approximately 3–5 pairs per square meter are kept in these conditions. Male individuals are injected with 300 units of chorionic gonadotropin daily for two consecutive days, while females receive 600 units of human chorionic gonadotropin. Once sexually mature, mating typically occurs at night, with spawning taking place in the early morning. Each female can lay up to 5,000 eggs. These eggs are then collected and transferred to hatching areas. Under optimal conditions, fertilized eggs hatch within 25 hours when kept at 25°C. This controlled environment ensures higher survival rates and better developmental outcomes for the offspring.
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