Boxworm (Nemesis) pond culture

Fang Xingxing, commonly known as the sandworm, is a type of polychaete annelid, also referred to as Nereis or sea worms. These creatures are not only delicious but also highly nutritious, containing high levels of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Their flavor is considered superior to that of sea cucumber and shark fin, making them a popular choice among seafood lovers. Sandworms are mainly found along the coastal areas of Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Taiwan in China, with Guangxi being the richest in resources. However, due to overfishing, their populations have declined rapidly, leading to a supply shortage. In recent years, farmers in Beihai, Guangxi, have successfully experimented with artificial pond farming of sandworms. According to reports, planting 50 kg of seedlings per mu can result in an average yield of 205 kg per mu, generating around 8,600 yuan in revenue per mu—showing great economic potential. The current breeding practices for sandworms are outlined below for reference by farmers: **I. Pond Conditions** The ideal pond size for sandworm farming ranges from 3 to 5 mu. The shape should be rectangular or square, with a water depth between 80 cm and 120 cm. The sediment should be sandy, with more than 70% sand content, loose, and thick. The pond walls must be sturdy and well-sealed to prevent leaks. A reliable water source is essential, with clean water free from industrial and domestic pollution. **II. Preparations Before Breeding** 1. **Cleaning and Disinfection**: After draining the pond, the area should be dried, the embankments repaired, and the bottom cleaned. Trenches should be dug around the pond, 50 cm wide, dividing the culture area into blocks of 200–250 cm. The space between blocks should be 50 cm wide for water flow and management. The blocks should be compacted and smoothed with wooden planks to create a "road-shaped" structure, preventing water accumulation. Ten days before stocking, the pond should be treated with bleaching powder at a rate of 8–10 kg per acre. 2. **Water and Fertilization**: Once the disinfection period ends, water should be introduced through a 80-mesh filter, reaching a depth of 40–50 cm. Organic fertilizers such as fermented manure (200 kg per mu) can be applied on top of the culture blocks, or 3 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 1 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu. Farmers with access to microbial preparations can mix organic fertilizers with these for better results. **III. Seed Stocking and Cultivation Management** Sandworm larvae are typically stocked just before and after the Qingming Festival each year. Each mu should receive 50 kg of seedlings, with more than 400 pieces per kilogram. The seedlings should be healthy, dark brown in color, and free from injuries. Stocking should be done on sunny days, ensuring the salinity of the pond water is around 25‰, with no more than a 5‰ difference from the seedling’s original environment. The recommended stocking density is 30 per square meter. Before placing the seedlings, calculate the total number needed and spread them evenly across the culture blocks. They will naturally burrow into the sand. After stocking, regular inspections of the surface and trenches are necessary. If survival rates drop within 2–3 days, additional seedlings should be added immediately. Weekly checks should follow, with attention paid to the ditches and embankments. During summer, it's important to clear the channels and reshape the block surfaces into a "road-like" form to keep the area dry and stable, providing a better habitat for the worms. During typhoons or heavy rains, seawater levels may drop suddenly. After the rain, drain the pond promptly and refill with seawater during high tide to avoid low salinity stress. Throughout the growing season, monitor the water level according to weather changes. In spring and autumn, maintain shallow water levels, while in summer, increase the depth and in winter, reduce it. Change the water once a week, and dry the pond for 2–3 days every month using a dry pond machine. This helps remove predators like fish, shrimp, crabs, and other unwanted organisms. Sandworms feed on benthic diatoms and organic debris. Depending on the pond conditions, farmers may choose to cultivate algae or supplement with artificial feed. **IV. Harvesting** Adult sandworms typically reach about 10 cm in length. After 6–8 months of farming, they can grow to 80–100 pieces per kilogram. When harvesting, the ponds are dried, and the worms are excavated manually. They burrow up to 25–40 cm deep in the sediment. Farmers use tools like shovels or roaches to locate and dig out the worms carefully, avoiding damage to the body. Collected worms should be kept away from direct sunlight and rain to maintain their survival rate. Finally, they are packed in baskets for sale.

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