Non-pollution Leaf Vegetable Production Technology in Yunnan Province
The production of pollution-free leafy vegetables requires strict adherence to environmental and agricultural standards to ensure both quality and safety. This guide outlines key requirements and best practices for site selection, cultivation, pest management, and fertilizer application.
**1. Production Site Environment Requirements**
**1.1 Site Selection**
Choose areas with clean ecological conditions, free from pollution sources such as industrial waste, medical sewage, municipal refuse, and domestic wastewater. The area should be located upwind and upstream from irrigation water sources to prevent contamination. It should also be at least 100 meters away from major highways and avoid busy urban or industrial zones. Regions with high soil heavy metal content or endemic diseases linked to the soil and water environment are unsuitable for growing leafy vegetables.
**2. Cultivation Measures**
**2.1 Variety Selection**
Select disease-resistant, high-yield, and high-quality varieties suitable for different seasons. For winter crops, choose cold-tolerant and early-maturing varieties. For summer and autumn crops, opt for heat-resistant types.
**2.2 Seed Disinfection and Treatment**
Disinfect seeds using methods like warm water soaking (50–55°C), chemical soaking (e.g., potassium permanganate or carbendazim), or seed dressing with fungicides. Some seeds, like lettuce and garlic, may need cold treatment to enhance germination during hot seasons.
**2.3 Strong Seedling Cultivation**
Use low-toxicity pesticides to treat the soil, control temperature and humidity, and harden off seedlings for a week before transplanting to improve resilience.
**2.4 Land Preparation**
Remove crop residues, plastic films, and other waste. Loosen the soil, level the field, and ensure proper drainage.
**2.5 Rational Planting**
Avoid continuous cropping with the same plant family, especially cruciferous vegetables. Implement crop rotation and intercropping to reduce soil-borne pests and diseases.
**2.6 Timely Sowing**
Sow according to climate and vegetable type. Winter crops are usually sown in late fall, while summer and autumn crops are planted in spring for an autumn harvest.
**2.7 Field Management**
Maintain proper spacing to improve air circulation and reduce humidity. Remove diseased plants promptly to prevent disease spread. In winter, focus on bottom pod growth for better insulation.
**3. Pest and Disease Control Principles and Methods**
**3.1 Major Pests and Diseases**
Common diseases include downy mildew, soft rot, viral infections, and black spot. Key pests are aphids, cabbage worms, diamondback moths, and beet armyworms.
**3.2 Characteristics of Pests and Diseases**
Soft rot is common in wet or low-lying areas. Downy mildew thrives in cloudy and humid conditions. Dry weather favors aphids and viral diseases.
**3.3 Control Principles**
Adopt an integrated approach: prevention first, followed by cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls. Avoid overuse of harmful chemicals and follow safe intervals between applications.
**3.4 Control Methods**
- **Agricultural Controls**: Use resistant varieties, rotate crops, manage irrigation, and remove weeds.
- **Physical Controls**: Use yellow sticky traps for aphids and light traps for moths.
- **Biological Controls**: Apply biopesticides like BT, neem oil, or sex pheromones.
- **Chemical Controls**: Use approved pesticides like metalaxyl, thiophanate-methyl, or pyrethroids, following recommended dosages and mixing strategies.
**4. Fertilizer Application Principles**
**4.1 Fertilizer Use Principle**
Prioritize organic fertilizers, apply base fertilizers appropriately, and use specialized or microbial fertilizers. Conduct soil testing to maintain nutrient balance.
**4.2 Base Fertilization**
Combine organic and inorganic fertilizers during land preparation. Use 2/3 of the potassium and 1/3 of the nitrogen as base fertilizer. Maintain a 1:1 ratio of organic to inorganic nutrients.
**4.3 Top-dressing**
Apply nitrogen-based top dressings early and in small amounts. Avoid using urea within 20 days of harvest.
**4.4 Organic Fertilizer Use**
Ensure human waste, compost, and biogas slurry are fully decomposed and detoxified before application.
**4.5 Prohibited Fertilizers**
Do not use unregistered fertilizers, nitrate-based products, raw organic waste, or those with high heavy metal content.
By following these guidelines, farmers can produce safe, high-quality leafy vegetables that meet both consumer and regulatory standards.
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