The reason why cotton bells fall has many symptomatic effects
The occurrence of excessive boll shedding in cotton cultivation has become a major concern, significantly impacting both crop yield and the livelihoods of farmers. There are multiple factors contributing to this issue, and many farmers lack a comprehensive understanding of effective cotton-growing techniques. By mastering scientific methods, they can address the root causes of boll drop, reduce losses, and achieve better yields and efficiency. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the main causes and offers practical solutions.
**I. Variety Factors**
Different cotton varieties exhibit varying levels of boll shedding under similar growing conditions. First, some varieties have a higher number of buds, but also a greater tendency for bolls to fall off. Second, pests such as the cotton leafworm and bollworm prefer to lay eggs on varieties with more hairy leaves, which provide better adhesion for their eggs. These eggs are less likely to be removed by wind or rain, leading to severe damage and increased boll loss. According to field tests conducted in Guomao Guo Xiang, the "Leisure Breeding" variety experienced 1.67 times more boll loss compared to the "Smooth Leafy" variety.
**Response Measures**: During the growing season, farmers should observe neighboring fields and choose varieties that show strong bud development, good boll retention, and overall resilience. Opting for "smooth leaf varieties" is recommended for better performance.
**II. Fertilizer Issues**
Fertilizer management plays a crucial role in preventing boll shedding. Here are five key issues:
1. **Nitrogen deficiency**: Insufficient nitrogen leads to weak plants, causing bolls to drop from the top and outer parts. Excessive nitrogen, however, can cause excessive vegetative growth, leading to poor nutrient distribution and boll drop due to nutrient starvation.
2. **Phosphorus deficiency**: Using low-quality compound fertilizers or fake phosphoric acid can result in inadequate available phosphorus, leading to thin plants and boll loss.
3. **Potassium deficiency**: Insect-resistant cotton requires 50% more potassium than non-resistant types. Many farmers neglect potassium application, resulting in nutrient imbalances and serious boll shedding.
4. **Boron deficiency**: A lack of boron causes young buds to detach easily, and bolls may develop poorly and fall off prematurely.
5. **Molybdenum deficiency**: This can lead to stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and premature plant decline, increasing the risk of boll loss.
**Response Measures**: To reduce boll shedding and promote high yields, farmers should apply balanced base fertilizers tailored to cotton’s needs. It is advisable to use sufficient DAP and K fertilizer, along with organic matter. Micro-nutrients like boron and molybdenum should be applied once every 2–3 years. For high-yield fields, aim for at least 10 kg of P₂O₅ and K₂O per acre. If base fertilizers are insufficient, timely topdressing is essential—especially potassium before the boll-forming stage and phosphate before flowering. Topdressing should focus on nitrogen, with lighter applications during budding and heavier ones during boll development. Avoid applying fertilizer too close to the roots to prevent damage and "hiccuping" in the plants.
**III. Planting Density**
Excessive planting density is a widespread problem that often leads to overgrowth, early canopy closure, and poor air circulation. This results in reduced light penetration, increased flower bud loss, and higher susceptibility to diseases and pests, ultimately accelerating plant aging.
**Response Measures**: Simply increasing planting density to boost production is not effective. Farmers should determine the optimal planting density based on soil quality and variety characteristics to ensure proper spacing and healthy growth.
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