The reason why cotton bells fall has many symptomatic effects
The occurrence of excessive boll shedding in cotton farming has significantly impacted both the yield and the income of farmers. Boll shedding is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors, and many farmers lack a comprehensive understanding of the underlying causes. By mastering scientific planting techniques, farmers can effectively address the root causes of boll loss, reduce shedding, and achieve higher yields. This article explores the main reasons behind boll shedding and offers practical solutions.
**I. Variety Factors**
Different cotton varieties exhibit varying levels of boll shedding under similar growing conditions. First, the number of buds varies among varieties, and so does the rate of boll drop. Second, pests like the cotton bollworm and red spider mites tend to lay eggs on "hairy" varieties, which have more surface area for egg attachment. These eggs are less likely to be washed away by rain or blown off by wind, leading to severe damage and increased boll shedding. According to a study conducted by Guomao Guo Xiang Ink, the "hairy variety" experienced 1.67 times more boll loss compared to the "smooth-leaf variety."
**Response Measures:**
During the growing season, farmers should inspect surrounding fields regularly and choose varieties that show strong bud development, good boll retention, and overall resistance. Opting for "smooth-leaf" varieties is generally more effective in reducing boll shedding.
**II. Fertilizer Issues**
Fertilizer imbalances are one of the main causes of boll shedding. Here are five key issues:
1. **Nitrogen Deficiency or Excess:** Too little nitrogen weakens plants, causing bolls to fall. On the other hand, excessive nitrogen can lead to excessive vegetative growth, leaving bolls without enough nutrients.
2. **Phosphorus Deficiency:** Low-quality fertilizers often result in insufficient phosphorus, leading to thin plants and boll drop.
3. **Potassium Deficiency:** Insect-resistant cotton requires 50% more potassium than regular varieties. Insufficient potassium can cause symptoms like red leaf blight and boll shedding.
4. **Boron Deficiency:** Boron deficiency leads to premature bud drop and small, weak bolls.
5. **Molybdenum Deficiency:** Molybdenum deficiency causes stunted growth, chlorosis, and early plant decline, resulting in boll loss.
**Response Measures:**
To reduce boll shedding and promote high yields, farmers should apply balanced base fertilizers, including adequate DAP and K fertilizer. Organic matter should also be incorporated. Trace elements like boron and molybdenum should be applied once every 2–3 years. For high-yield fields, it's recommended to apply at least 10 kg of P₂O₅ and K₂O per acre. If base fertilizers are insufficient, timely topdressing is essential—especially potassium before the boll-setting stage and phosphate before flowering. Topdressing should focus on nitrogen, with light application during budding and heavier during boll development. Avoid applying fertilizer too close to the roots to prevent root damage and plant stress.
**III. Plant Density**
Overly dense planting is a major problem in many cotton fields, leading to excessive vegetative growth, early canopy closure, poor air circulation, and reduced light penetration. This environment increases flower bud loss and promotes disease and pest infestations, ultimately accelerating plant aging and boll shedding.
**Response Measures:**
Increasing density alone is not a solution. Farmers should adjust planting density based on soil quality and variety characteristics, aiming for a reasonable and sparse layout to improve airflow and light exposure, thus reducing boll shedding and improving yield.
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