Early rice: mechanical broadcast master key
In accordance with the national food production project team under the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" in Yiyang City, Hushan District, several cold- and weather-resistant early rice varieties have been recommended for mechanical sowing. These include Zhuliangyou 819, Luliangyou 996, Zhuliangyou 505, Shuofeng 2, Jiayu 948, and others. These varieties are well-suited for early-season rice cultivation in the province due to their low-temperature tolerance, rapid germination, high seedling survival rate, strong tillering ability, good resistance to lodging, and stable, high yield. To ensure successful mechanical sowing, it is essential to master key techniques.
Field preparation is a crucial step. The entire field should be "early, flat, moderate, and smooth"—meaning timely plowing, a level surface, appropriate soil firmness, proper drainage, and small plot sizes with well-maintained ditches. For larger plots, cross-ditches, vertical ditches, and furrows should be established to prevent waterlogging. The field must be thoroughly prepared before sowing, and seeds should be sown after the soil has settled.
Timely sowing is equally important. Early-season rice should be sown when temperatures consistently exceed 12°C, ideally during the warmer days of the cold season. In Xiangzhong and Xiangnan regions, sowing typically occurs between April 1st and 4th, while in Hunan, it takes place from April 3rd to 7th. The planting density is usually 20 cm or 23 cm apart, with 4–6 hybrid rice seeds per hole and 3–3.5 kg of seeds per acre. For conventional rice, 7–9 grains are broadcasted per square meter, using 5–6 kg of seeds per acre. To enhance cold and pest resistance, seeds can be coated with chemical agents such as Miao, Shi Leshi, or dry nursery treatments.
Water management is critical after sowing. A one-week period of shallow watering is recommended, along with maintaining moisture levels based on weather conditions: full irrigation on sunny days, half-watering on cloudy days, and draining after heavy rain. After heavy rainfall, a 3.3 cm water layer should be maintained to protect young seedlings, which should be drained immediately afterward. Around 15 days after sowing, the field should be kept dry, with drainage conducted during the 7–8 leaf stage to control excessive tillering. During the panicle development stage, alternating dry and wet conditions will promote root growth and increase grain weight.
Fertilization should be done carefully. Due to the shallow root system of mechanically sown rice, fertilizer loss is common. Therefore, it is advisable to apply fertilizers in multiple stages. Basal fertilizer should account for 60% of the total, while top dressing makes up the remaining 40%. This includes 150 kg of high-quality chicken manure and 30 kg of 35% rice-specific compound fertilizer per acre. At the 2–3 leaf stage, 4 kg of urea and 3 kg of potassium chloride should be applied per acre. Before transplanting, an additional 4.5 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium chloride should be added, mixed with sunlight. During the heading stage, 0.15 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate per acre can be foliar-sprayed to improve grain quality and weight.
Chemical weed control is also necessary. At the 2–3 leaf stage (around 15 days after sowing), herbicides such as 5% Daojie suspension agent (600 ml) combined with 10% chlorinated emulsifiable concentrate (600 ml per mu) or 50% kill carbuncle WP (600 g) mixed with 10% benzyl chloride wettable powder (150 g per acre) can be used. Application should be done on a sunny day around 3 p.m., using a dry spray method. Rehydration should occur 24 hours after application to ensure effective weed control, which can eliminate over 95% of weeds.
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