The fruit trees should be promptly remedied after the occurrence of phytotoxicity
Pesticide injury can occur due to a variety of factors, including the type and formulation of the pesticide, the sensitivity of the fruit trees, application methods, and environmental conditions. Understanding these causes is essential for preventing damage and ensuring the health of orchards.
First, the formulations and characteristics of the pesticides play a major role in causing phytotoxicity. Pesticides with high water solubility and low molecular weight, such as copper and sulfur-based compounds, are more likely to cause harm. In contrast, water-soluble and microbial-based agents are generally safer for fruit trees. Different formulations also affect the level of risk—oil-based and emulsified products tend to be more harmful, while wettable powders (WP) are less so, and dry powders or granules are the safest options.
Second, the sensitivity of different fruit trees to pesticides varies significantly. For example, peaches, apricots, and plums are highly sensitive to Bordeaux mixture during the growing season, regardless of concentration. Pears, apples (especially Golden Delicious varieties), hawthorns, and persimmons are prone to injury when the lime content in Bordeaux mixture is below double the recommended amount. On the other hand, grapes may suffer from phytotoxicity if the lime content is higher than standard. Similarly, pears and apple trees are at risk when using 45% dexamethasone at concentrations below 1000 times dilution.
Third, improper application methods can lead to pesticide injury. This includes applying too concentrated solutions, mixing incompatible products, spraying at the wrong time, or using incorrect droplet sizes. These mistakes can result in localized damage or even complete plant death. Additionally, some pesticides should not be mixed together, as this can reduce their effectiveness and cause toxic effects.
Fourth, environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity can influence the likelihood of phytotoxicity. High temperatures and strong sunlight increase the risk, as they enhance the chemical activity of the pesticide and make it easier for it to penetrate plant tissues. Excessive humidity can also contribute to injury, and wind during herbicide application can cause drift, leading to unintended damage.
In terms of symptoms, pesticide injury can manifest in three main forms: acute, chronic, and residual. Acute injury appears quickly after application, often within hours or days, and is characterized by visible symptoms such as leaf spots, burns, yellowing, wilting, or fruit drop. Chronic injury develops slowly over time, with symptoms like stunted growth, poor flowering, increased fruit drop, and reduced yield. Residual injury occurs when pesticides accumulate in the soil, affecting root development and overall tree health over time.
To address pesticide injury, several remedial measures can be taken. Immediate action is crucial. Watering the affected plants can help wash away residues and reduce the concentration of chemicals on the foliage. Neutralizing agents, such as sodium humate or lime water, can be used to counteract certain types of damage. Timely top-dressing with nutrients, loosening the soil, and pruning dead or damaged parts can also aid in recovery and promote healthy regrowth. By taking these steps, growers can minimize the impact of pesticide injury and restore the vitality of their orchards.
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