Two farming techniques

Pond-intensive breeding has gained popularity in Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Shandong provinces, where it has achieved excellent results. The yield per mu can reach up to 5,000 kilograms. Each pond should be around 1 mu in size, with a maximum of 1.5 mu. The depth of the pond should be between 2 to 2.5 meters, with a water depth of 1.5 to 2 meters. The edge of the pond should be 0.5 meters above the water level. Water quality should be neutral or slightly alkaline. Inlet and outlet systems must have effective anti-escape measures, such as bamboo fences or fish nets. Vegetation is planted around the pond, with a width of 0.8 to 1 meter, and the aquatic plant area should not exceed 25% of the total pond area. Before stocking, the pond should be cleaned and disinfected 15 to 20 days in advance. A layer of fresh lime (100–150 kg per acre) is applied to disinfect the pond thoroughly. After one week of exposure, the pond is filled with water, and fish are stocked after 10 days. Before disinfection, the mud is dug out to remove any black worms that may be present. When releasing fish species measuring 10–20 cm, they are divided into 2–3 groups to ensure uniform size within the same batch. Fish are fed one day before each division. Once they grow to 20 cm, they are moved to larger ponds for further growth. Stocking typically occurs between June and August, while winter fish are stocked from March to April. When the water depth is between 1.7 and 1.8 meters, the stocking density is adjusted based on fish length: 6–8 cm per square meter, 15 tails for 10–12 cm, and 12 tails for 14–16 cm. For ponds with limited feed or poor water conditions, stocking density should be reduced. Fish are also sterilized in a 2–3% saltwater solution for 10–15 minutes before being introduced. Feeding practices follow the "four set" principle, meaning feeding at fixed times, places, quantities, and quality. Typically, fish are fed twice daily—once in the morning (8–9 AM) and once in the afternoon (4–5 PM). Fresh small fish and shrimp are gradually scattered in the feeding area, which is enclosed by bamboo barriers to form a 9–16 square meter box. Artificial compound feed is placed on a feeding table, 1 meter away from the pond edge with a water depth of 20–30 cm. Initially, fish are fed 8–10% of their body weight, reducing to 6% when they reach about 150 grams, then to 5–8% as they grow. Daily management involves inspecting the pond twice a day—morning and evening—to monitor feeding behavior, activity levels, disease incidence, and water quality. During hot seasons, water changes are frequent: one-third weekly in early stages, half every two weeks, and four-fifths during peak periods. For home fishponds, the pond should be high with a proper layer of sludge, but not too thick to avoid low catch rates and affect next year’s breeding. Drainage and irrigation should be convenient to maintain clean water and adjust quality as needed. Black mullet stocking requires careful planning. The size of the black mullet should be less than half of the main fish species. Larger sizes are preferred, typically 4–13 cm, with 8–10 cm being ideal. Fish should be healthy, disease-free, and uniform in size. Stocking time varies by region: June–July in northern areas and May–June in southern regions. Stocking should not exceed 7 months to avoid overcrowding during harvest. Stocking density depends on fish size and the presence of other species like carp or tilapia. For example, 50–150 grams per acre, 10–20 per acre for 12–15 cm fish, 20–30 per acre for 8–10 cm fish, and 40–50 per mu for 3–6 cm fish. Yield per mu should be controlled between 10–15 kg. After feeding polyculture species, the main fish should be given additional feed to support natural prey in the pond, promoting their growth. Floating plants like water hyacinth or water lettuce are recommended, but not exceeding one-fifth of the pond area. They provide shelter and help regulate water quality. Wushao (black mullet) are known for escaping, so ponds must be at least 40 cm above water level. Anti-escape facilities should be installed at inlets and outlets, and checked after heavy rain. Ferrous sulfate should be avoided, as it is toxic to Wushao. Instead, copper sulfate or trichlorfon can be used for disease control. Dry pond fishing requires removing all black mullet before winter to prevent damage to next year’s stock. Any remaining fish should be eliminated using safe chemicals.

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