Cultivation technology of kidney bean
Bean (Phaseolus., ulgaris) is also known as green beans, kidney beans, and jade beans. Leguminosae, an annual entangled herb. Using tender pods or seeds for fresh vegetables, can also be processed into cans, pickles, frozen and dried.
(1) Biological characteristics
Kidney beans have two types of dwarf and vine. The leaves are three leafy compound leaves, and the racemes are drawn between the leaves, and the flowers are white, yellow, reddish or lavender. Self-pollination. The pods are flat or nearly round, green or yellow, and also have markings. Seeds are kidney-like, with red, white, yellow, brown, blue-black or striated. Thousands of grains range from 100 grams to 700 grams, with great differences. Cotyledons were unearthed after sowing.
Kidney beans are warm, not resistant to frost, not resistant to high temperatures, and have stricter temperature requirements. Therefore, early spring must be cultivated in the open field after the night cream. Seeds begin to germinate at 8 C-10 C, with an optimum temperature of 18 C-25 C. Below 15 C or more than 32 C high temperature, it is easy to cause falling flowers and pods, short pods and deformed, and the yield is reduced. Therefore, they are cultivated in spring and autumn.
(2) Types and varieties
According to the nature of pods, kidney beans can be divided into soft pods and hard pods. The soft pod pods are not developed with sutures and abdominal lines, thick pods, few coarse fibers, good quality, and are generally used for fresh food. The pods of the hard pods are thin, the fibers are many, the seeds are developing fast, and the pods can be used for cooking when the pods are very small, and the meat is aged and hardened by a little bit. Soft pods are divided into dwarf species and vine species according to growth habits.
1. Dwarf species (limited growth type) plants are dwarf, plant height 35 cm - 60 cm, stems erect. After the main vine grows to 4-8 knots, the inflorescence caps appear at the stem growth point, and the lateral branches are extracted from the main branch leaves, and the inflorescence caps appear after the l-2 leaves, forming low-lying clusters, which is conducive to intercropping and intercropping. The growth period is short, early maturity, sowing to harvest for 40-60 days, dry beans can be collected in 90 days, the supply period is 20 days, the yield is low, and the quality is poor. The more excellent varieties are Shanghai dwarf peas, French beans, suppliers, and Schneider, Jiangsu has 81-16, 1409, and Hangzhou has spring beans.
2. The vine species (infinite growth type) stems are leaf buds with few branches and late maturity. Each stalk leaf stalk can be plucked with side branches or inflorescences. Harvesting pods 50-70 days after sowing, harvesting period 40- 50 days, the yield is high, the quality is good, and the seeds are black, white and motley. The more excellent varieties are Yangdaodou in Hangzhou, black seeded beans in Shanghai, 78-209 in Jiangsu, Changbai No.7, Nanjing with white seed beans, black seed beans, green beans, and Guangdong purple bean beans.
(3) Seeding and seedling cultivation
The cultivation of kidney beans is relatively easy. Generally, after harvesting, the soil is fertilized, sun-dried and frozen, and the organic fertilizer is applied for 2 500 kg to 4 000 kg per mu (1 mu = 667 square meters). Plant again before planting. Break the bandits, make 畦, 畦 2 meters wide, 50 cm wide, and about 26 cm deep. The timing of bean seedlings varies depending on the type and facility conditions. See Table 2-20 for details.
(4) Field management
The bean seedlings should be watered and kept moist until they live. After the live tree, the light manure is used to raise the seedlings. The cultivating and weeding increases the soil permeability, promotes root development and the plant grows robustly. After the vines are vines, they are placed on a herringbone frame. The ridges are combined with the ridges and the ridges are ploughed once. After the support, the grass cannot be sown, and the grass needs to be removed in time. If it is drought or excessive rain, it will cause the flowers to fall into the pods. Pay attention to watering and remove the water in the field to prevent falling flowers. During the pod-forming period, a large amount of water and fertilizer should be used to promote the tenderness of the pods.
The main pests and diseases of kidney beans include anthrax, bacterial diseases and pea pods. Disease prevention can be used to disinfect disease-free seeds and seeds. During the growth period, it can be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, zinc, and methyl thiophanate. Bean pods can be controlled by trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos and other chemicals.
(5) Harvesting and seeding
1. Harvested dwarf varieties from planting to harvesting, 50-60 days in spring, 40 days in autumn, harvesting period of about half a month, about 500 kg per mu (1 mu = 667 square meters), and high yield of more than 1000 kg . The vine species are self-seeding to harvest 60-90 days in the spring. The early temperature is low, and the earlier the planting, the longer the growth period. The autumn vine species are harvested for 40-50 days, harvesting period is 30-45 days, and the yield of mu (1 mu = 667 square meters) is 1000 kg - 2 000 kg.
2. Seeds should be planted, plant selection, pod selection, and long and round pods. In general, the seeds for production are selected by tablets, that is, the plots with good plant growth, short pod-forming sites, and no pests and diseases are selected, and the single plants with poor growth, less pods and high firming parts are removed, and the rest are used as seed plants. Each plant should be picked up from the upper part of the pod, and the pods in the middle and lower parts should be selected for seeding. Retaining beans should be taken when the pods turn yellow, dried and threshed, and stored for another l-2 days. Each mu (1 mu = 667 square meters) can get 50 kg of seed dwarf beans and 75 kg of vine beans. The bean can be kept in spring and autumn, but the temperature in autumn is from high temperature to low temperature. The seeds are fuller and less diseased. From the perspective of selecting good varieties and preventing species degradation, the Jianghuai River Basin should promote the selection of autumn seeds.
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