Application of water and fertilizer integration technology in facility vegetables
[Application of water and fertilizer integration technology in facility vegetables] The advantages of water and fertilizer integration technology are water-saving and fertilizer-saving, strong maneuverability and reduced plant incidence; the disadvantage is that the high investment cost in the early stage is difficult to comprehensively promote. What are the fertilisers for water and fertilizer integration technology? What are their advantages and disadvantages? What are the integrated water and fertilizer equipment?
Water and fertilizer integration technology
The new agricultural technology that integrates irrigation and fertilization to achieve simultaneous control of water and fertilizer is a water and fertilizer integration technology, also known as water and fertilizer coupling, water fertilization and fertigation. Water and fertilizer integration is the use of pressure systems (or natural differences in topography), designed according to different soil properties and nutrient content, fertilizer characteristics of different crops and water and nutrient requirements at different growth stages, soluble solids or Liquid fertilizer, together with irrigation water, supplies water and fertilizer through a controlled piping system. After the irrigation water and fertilizer are combined with each other, the vegetable roots are moistened regularly, quantitatively and evenly to keep the soil loose and suitable for water and fertilizer.
1 water and fertilizer integrated equipment
The water and fertilizer integrated equipment mainly consists of a drip irrigation system and a fertiliser.
1.1 Drip irrigation system
Drip irrigation is based on the water demand of vegetables. Through the low-pressure pipeline system and the irrigator installed on the capillary tube, the crop needs water and nutrients to be evenly and slowly dripped into the vegetable root soil through the droplet form. The drip irrigation system generally consists of a water source, a first control hub, various levels of water delivery pipes and drips.
1 Water source: Spring water, reservoirs, channels, rivers and lakes can all be the source of drip irrigation system, but the water quality needs to meet the requirements of irrigation water, and the water content and impurities in the water are less.
2 The first control hub: The first control hub is a system-wide control and distribution center, which generally includes pumps, power machines, filters, fertiliser tanks, control and measuring instruments and regulating devices. Commonly used pumps include submersible pumps, centrifugal pumps, deep well pumps, and pipeline pumps.
Both electric motors and diesel engines can be used as power machines. If the natural head of the water source reaches the pressure demand of the drip irrigation system, the pump and the power machine can be omitted. The filtering equipment includes a centrifugal filter, a sand filter, a mesh filter, a laminated filter, a trash rack, etc., and a water source with a poor water quality such as a river needs to construct a sedimentation tank. Flow and pressure measuring instruments include pressure gauges and water meters. Safety devices generally include controllers, sensors, solenoid valves, water valves, and air valves. The adjustment device includes various valves such as a gate valve.
3 water pipeline: including dry pipe, branch pipe, capillary tube with some adjustment equipment, dry pipe and branch pipe are generally hard plastic pipe, the capillary pipe is soft plastic pipe.
4 drip: is the most important part of the drip irrigation system. Under a certain working pressure, the water in the capillary tube is evenly dripped into the root soil of the vegetable through a flow channel or an orifice. Usually divided into dripper, drop arrow, drip irrigation tube and drip irrigation belt.
1.2 Fertilizer
Apparatus and apparatus for adding soluble fertilizer to a pressure line in a drip irrigation system are referred to as fertilizing means. To prevent clogging, the fertilizer tank is usually installed before the filter.
1 Differential pressure type fertilizer application device: also known as a bypass fertilizer application tank, consisting of a liquid storage tank, an inlet pipe, a fertilizer supply tank, a pressure regulating valve and the like. The advantage is that it saves time and trouble, and the cost is low; the disadvantage is that as the fertilizer in the tank is reduced, the concentration of the fertilizer is lowered, the stability is relatively poor, and the fertilizer needs to be added regularly.
2 Venturi fertiliser: Install the venturi fertiliser and drip irrigation system or the water supply pipeline control valve at the entrance of the irrigation area in parallel. When using, the control valve will be closed to make the control valve have a certain pressure difference before and after the control valve, and the water will pass through the venturi. The resulting vacuum suction draws the fertilizer solution evenly from the wider fertilizer tank into the piping system for fertilization. The advantage is that no external pressure is required; under the normal system flow condition, the amount of fertilizer absorption is always kept constant; the volume is small and the quality is light; and a plurality of fertilizers can be simultaneously absorbed or doubled. The disadvantage is that the pressure loss is large, and it is generally used for irrigating vegetable fields with a small area.
3 Gravity self-pressing fertilization method: The water storage tank is raised in the planting place, the fertilizer is dissolved in the water, and the fertilizer liquid is injected into the system by using the high water potential energy pressure, which is suitable for the protection area with relatively small area.
4 pumping and fertilizing method: At present, there are many applications. The centrifugal pump is used to suck the fertilizer solution into the pipeline system for fertilization, which is suitable for fertilization in any area, especially in areas with shallow groundwater level. The utility model has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation, fast fertilization speed, no need of external pressure, and can be fertilized proportionally when the water pressure is constant; the disadvantage is that the water level of the water source needs to be 10 m higher than the inlet of the pump, and special attention is required for fertilization.
5 pump injection method: pump injection method uses a pressure pump to inject the fertilizer solution into the pressurized pipeline, the injection port can be anywhere on the pipeline, usually the pressure generated by the pump must be greater than the water pressure of the water pipeline, otherwise the fertilizer is difficult to inject . The advantages are high labor efficiency, convenient operation, uniform fertilization speed and concentration, and easier control of fertilizer concentration; the disadvantage is that a separate application of the fertilizer pump is required.
6 Proportion Fertilizer: It is the most commonly used fertiliser at present. It is mainly a hydrodynamic fertilizer pump. The higher concentration solution (fertilizer and pesticide) is injected into the mother liquor according to a certain ratio. The advantage is that it does not require an electric drive and is hydraulically driven to add liquid in precise proportions.
2 water and fertilizer integration advantages
2.1 High utilization rate of irrigation water
On the one hand, irrigation water enters the soil in the form of water droplets, there is no runoff on the ground, and the loss of water between vegetable plants is reduced. The leakage of soil water deep is small, which reduces the loss of ineffective field water; on the other hand, irrigation water enters After the pipeline is a closed system that improves water use efficiency and reduces irrigation water.
2.2 Improve fertilizer utilization
In the integration of water and fertilizer, water and fertilizer are directly transported to the root parts of vegetables, which can ensure that nutrients are quickly absorbed by vegetable roots. Since the range of wetting is only in the area where the roots are concentrated, the fertilizer utilization rate can be increased, thereby reducing the amount of fertilizer applied.
2.3 Saving labor
Traditional fertigation requires burrowing or trenching. After applying fertilizer, irrigation requires a lot of manpower. The water and fertilizer integration technology has realized the simultaneous management of water and fertilizer, thus saving a lot of labor.
2.4 Controlling the amount of fertilizer applied
Fertilization according to the fertilizer requirement of crops, flexible, convenient and accurate control of fertilization amount and fertilization type, to achieve precise fertilization.
2.5 Reducing the disease
The soil-borne diseases of facility vegetables will spread with the water flow. The integrated water and fertilizer technology can effectively control the occurrence of soil-borne diseases and reduce the temperature in the greenhouse, thus reducing the disease.
2.6 Protecting the environment
Water and fertilizer integration technology can reduce the pollution of soil and groundwater by controlling the depth of irrigation and reducing the amount of fertilizer leaching to deep soil.
3 shortcomings of water and fertilizer integration technology
The investment in the early stage of water and fertilizer integration technology is relatively large, and the solubility requirements of fertilizers are relatively high. Therefore, it is difficult to carry out rapid and large-scale promotion and application.
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