Herring pond pollution-free breeding techniques
The herring, commonly known as barley, snail, black clam, and green clam, is one of China's four major freshwater fish species, belonging to the subfamily Kookaburra. It has a cylindrical body with a flat tail and a rounded belly. Its upper body and sides are dark, while its belly is milky white, and all fins are grayish-black. As a benthic carnivore, juvenile herring primarily feed on zooplankton, chironomid larvae, and nauplii, while adult herring consume snails, clams, small fish, shrimp, and aquatic insects. In aquaculture settings, they can be fed various commercial feeds.
Herring is known for its large size, thick flesh, high fat content, and excellent taste. It has fewer intermuscular bones and is rich in nutrients, containing 19.5 grams of protein and 5.2 grams of fat per 100 grams of meat. It is also packed with vitamins and zinc, making it one of the top freshwater fish in terms of quality and economic value. Greenfish farming, especially pollution-free methods, holds great potential for future development.
**Breeding Environment Requirements**
The breeding environment includes atmospheric conditions, water quality, and the overall aquatic habitat. These must meet national standards such as "Environmental Requirements for the Production Environment of Agricultural Products for Safety and Quality of Harmless Aquatic Products" (GB/T 18407-2001), "Fisheries Water Quality Standards" (GB/T 11607-89), and "Water Quality of Non-Hazardous Food Freshwater Aquaculture Water" (NY5051-2001).
1. **Water Selection**
Herring should be raised in areas with clean, unpolluted water sources, free from industrial, agricultural, or urban waste. The area should have no nearby pollution sources that could threaten the aquatic environment.
2. **Pond Sludge Removal**
Excessive sludge can release harmful substances like hydrogen sulfide and methane, which negatively impact fish health. Every one or two years, the pond should be drained, and excess sludge removed to maintain about 20 cm of sediment at the bottom. Exposing the pond bed to sunlight and freezing helps eliminate pests and pathogens.
3. **Pond Disinfection**
To improve water quality and prevent diseases, ponds should be disinfected regularly. Common disinfectants include quicklime (200–250 mg/L), bleaching powder (1.0–1.5 mg/L), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (0.3–0.6 mg/L), and trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.2–0.5 mg/L).
4. **Water Quality Management**
Maintaining good water quality is essential for healthy herring growth. The water should be clear, with a transparency of 25–40 cm, dissolved oxygen above 4 mg/L, and a pH between 7 and 8.5. Nutrients and plankton should be abundant to support the fish’s development.
**Seed Cultivation**
The production of herring fry must follow strict guidelines, including the Fisheries Law of China and quality standards for herring seedlings. Broodstock should come from certified farms, and seedlings must be inspected by qualified technicians.
1. **Seed Selection**
High-quality seedlings are active, bright, and show strong feeding behavior. They should leap vigorously in a white bowl, have full bodies, and complete fin rays without deformities.
2. **Cultivation of Seedlings**
Seedlings go through two stages: fry and fingerling. Fry are fed soy milk and gradually transition to more complex diets. Fingerlings begin eating small snails and other food sources. Feeding is done multiple times a day, with careful attention to water quality and hygiene.
**Adult Fish Breeding**
Ponds should have sufficient depth (1.5–2.5 meters) and area (3,335–6,667 square meters). Before stocking, the pond must be cleaned, disinfected, and filled with appropriate water. Aeration systems and feeding equipment are necessary for efficient management.
**Feeding Management**
Feed must meet safety and nutritional standards. Different growth stages require varying levels of protein. Feeding is done 3–4 times daily, with portions based on fish weight and activity. Regular monitoring of water quality and fish health is essential.
**Disease Prevention and Treatment**
Only approved drugs should be used, following national guidelines. Preventive measures include regular disinfection and early detection of disease symptoms. If an outbreak occurs, prompt treatment is critical to avoid losses.
Overall, herring farming requires careful planning, strict adherence to environmental standards, and consistent monitoring to ensure both quality and sustainability.
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