Facility vegetable water and fertilizer integrated cultivation management technology
Fertilizer is the grain of crops. Choosing good fertilizer and using good fertilizer are the key measures for high yield. The drip irrigation tube of the intelligent micro-irrigation system has a small outlet and is easily blocked by various tiny impurities, which ultimately affects the effect of micro-irrigation. The choice of fertilizer for this should pay attention to the following aspects.
(1) The fertilizer type of micro-irrigation and top dressing must be soluble fertilizer, and there is no precipitation after being dissolved in water. Good water-soluble fertilizers should have the following conditions: good water solubility, convenient use, fast crop absorption, good fertilizer efficiency, low dosage, and nutrient distribution ratio in line with the nutritional rules of crops. Urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and other fertilizers that meet the national standards or industry standards on the market have higher purity, less impurities, and no precipitation after being dissolved in water. For topdressing. However, agricultural powdered diammonium phosphate, Canadian red potassium chloride, and granular compound fertilizer cannot be used in the drip irrigation system because it will seriously clog the filter; the potassium sulfate for agricultural use has poor solubility and cannot be used for drip irrigation.
(2) The compatibility between the fertilizers is good, and there is no interaction and a precipitate may be formed to block the dripper or the nozzle. When topdressing supplements with trace element fertilizers, it is generally not used together with phosphorus topdressing. Because fertilizers containing phosphate ions and fertilizers containing metal ions are prone to antagonistic reactions, forming insoluble phosphate precipitates; fertilizers containing calcium ions cannot be combined with sulfate-containing fertilizers. The ionic fertilizer is applied together, otherwise a precipitate will form.
(3) When applying the biogas slurry or humic acid liquid fertilizer through the irrigation system, it must be filtered to prevent it from clogging the pipeline.
(4) Selecting fertilizers with high nutrient concentration and low salt content in fertilizers, fertilizers with high salt content are easy to corrode pipe ends and pipes.
2, watering amount and frequency
The amount of irrigation is determined based on the water requirement of the crop and the precipitation during the growing period of the crop. The amount of irrigation for micro-irrigation in open field should be reduced by 50% compared with flood irrigation, and the amount of irrigation for drip irrigation should be 30% to 40% less than that of greenhouse irrigation. When the amount of irrigation is determined, the period, number of times, and amount of irrigation per irrigation are determined based on the water requirement of the crop, the precipitation, and the soil moisture. Avoid excessive irrigation, generally keep the soil layer 30 ~ 40cm moist. Excessive irrigation not only wastes water, but also wastes fertilizer, which leads to crop yield reduction.
Take the greenhouse as a strawberry:
Generally, drip irrigation is 15~20m3/667m2 when planting; 30~40d after slow seedling to bud, 3~3d every 3~5d, 6~10m3/667m2 per drip; 15~20d from bud to flowering, every 5~20d ~7d drip irrigation once, each drip irrigation 5 ~ 8m3 / 667m2; from fruit expansion to maturity about 30d, every 3 ~ 5d drip irrigation once, each drip irrigation 6 ~ 10m3 / 667m2, if the situation is good, the irrigation interval can be extended appropriately; Because the ripening days of strawberry fruit in greenhouse are affected by temperature and light, the harvesting period is longer, usually 3 to 5 months, every 1 to 10 days, 1 time, 3 to 8 m3/667 m2 per drip irrigation; Stop watering for 15d. The integrated technology of strawberry water and fertilizer is 35 to 40 times in the whole growth period, and the total irrigation amount is 280m3/667m2.
3. Fertilizer use and frequency
The target yield is related to the amount of fertilization, but not the higher the amount of fertilizer, the higher the yield. Blindly increasing the amount of fertilizer will result in fertilizer waste, soil compaction, and even crop yield reduction. The total fertilization amount, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing should be determined according to the fertilizer requirement of the crop, the previous fertilization measures, the crop growth, the fertility level of the plot and the target yield.
Take the greenhouse as a strawberry:
After slow seedlings, start topdressing, fertilize with water for 20 to 25 times, apply 2~3kg/667m2 each time, stop topdressing 20d before pulling. The ratio of N:P2O5:K2O is about 1.2:0.7:1.1 in the early stage, about 1.1:0.5:1.4 in the medium term, and about 1.0:0.3:1.7 in the later stage. According to the high and low nutrient content of drip irrigation fertilizer, increase or decrease the amount of fertilizer added each time. The fertilizer concentration should be controlled every time the fertilizer is added. Generally, 0.6-0.9 kg of fertilizer is added to 1 m3 of water, and the fertilizer can be 20 kg/667 m2, and the total amount of topdressing is 60-80 kg/667 m2. In the production of facility vegetables, water and fertilizer integration technology can increase production by about 10% compared with traditional fertilization technology, saving more than 30% of water, more than 20% of fertilizer, and increasing efficiency by 200 yuan/667m2.
4, matters needing attention
For the first user to use fertigation technology, the following points need to be noted.
(1) Fertilizer selection
Choose a water-soluble fertilizer, adjust the nutrient ratio, and the formula should be reasonable.
(2) Reduce the amount of fertilization
The dosage should be reduced by 1/3 to 1/2 compared with the previous top dressing, and the principle of a small number of multiple times and nutrient balance should be followed when fertilizing.
(3) The combination of base fertilizer (fertilizer) and topdressing, organic fertilizer combined with inorganic fertilizer.
(4) Reduce water and water, a small number of times, increase the number of irrigation, the number of irrigation is 2 to 3 times the conventional, reducing the amount of water per irrigation.
(5) When fertilizing with drip irrigation, firstly drip the water and start fertilizing after the pipeline is filled with water to avoid the loss of nutrients with water. Immediately after the end of fertilization, the water is dripped for 20 to 30 minutes, and all the residual fertilizer liquid in the pipeline is discharged to prevent the fertilizer solution from remaining in the dripper to grow lower plants or microorganisms such as moss and algae to block the dripper.
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Plant extraction process
1. Select plants/medicinal materials. It is nothing more than ancient prescriptions, proven prescriptions, and folk medicinal herbs. At present, common and uncommon medicinal materials have been studied. Most of the time, the amount of medicinal materials has been increased to extract low-isolated components, or medicinal plants have not been studied from Miao medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Africa, Latin America and other places.
2. Extract. Solvent petroleum ether, n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, water (small polarity → large polarity). Daily decoction of medicines is effective, use water and ethanol and other solvents with high polarity. Artemisinin and other boiling methods are not effective, use petroleum ether and other solvents with low polarity. The common medicinal materials, water/alcohol/ether, are presented again, and more compounds can be separated and identified.
3. Separation. This is the most important task. There are dozens of compounds in the solution extracted in the second step. Generally, column chromatography is used, which is what we often call column flushing. The workload is large, boring, and low-tech. A master's degree may do this every day for 2 years of experimentation. As shown in the figure below, the column for separating compounds is as large as 2 meters high and as small as 10 cm. Change the solvent conditions of the mobile phase, change the material of the column, and repeatedly wash the column under different conditions and separation principles to separate the monomer compound.
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