Corn cultivation technology
In recent years, with the rapid advancement of science and technology and the improvement of people’s living standards, Hainan corn has grown from feed corn to sweet and waxy corn. The planting season has evolved from winter to spring, summer and autumn, meaning that it is in our province. Corn can be grown all year round. Corn in Hainan is both a feed and a food, but also a food and a fruit. It can be said that it is a combination of feed, grain, vegetable and fruit. More importantly, fresh corn can be used as a counter-season vegetable, and its development prospects are good.
First, the cultivation season Our province can grow corn all year round, but due to different planting seasons, there are significant differences in production. According to the multi-year annual sowing test and the results of more than a dozen high-yielding typical varieties in our province, the yield was highest in spring maize (January 25 - February 10), followed by autumn (August 25 - September On the 10th); winter is the second time (October 20 - January 10); the most recent is the summer (April 25 - May 10). In short, the choice of the best sowing date for corn should be determined according to the use of corn and land use, and the arrangement of corn. Feeding corn is suitable for spring and autumn seeds.
Second, the selection, preparation and application of base fertilizer
1. The selected corn is a crop with good fertilizer, good warmth, a lot of oxygen, and fear of picking. Soils that are too acidic, too viscous, and thin can cause poor corn growth. Therefore, it is advisable to use a loam or sandy loam soil that is convenient for drainage and irrigation, easy to manage, and between pH 6.5-7, and above fertility.
2. Site preparation and application of base fertilizers are the preconditions for preserving seedlings. After the land is selected, deep plowing and ploughing are usually carried out to achieve two ploughs and two hoeings. The cultivating depth is 30 cm or more to meet the quality requirements for soil preparation for “land leveling, soil fineness, squeezing, and fertilityâ€. After the site preparation, double lines were planted at a line spacing of 120-140 cm to open the ditch, and 1000 kg per hectare of farmyard manure, 50 kg of bean cake and 50 kg of superphosphate were applied to the ditch; in order to facilitate irrigation and drainage, the site preparation was also performed. You should do a ditch and fix the four drains. It is required to be straight and even in the trenches, with the trenches communicating and the drainage and irrigation unimpeded.
Third, seed processing and sowing
1. Selection of improved varieties suitable for local varieties should be high-yield and stable production, good quality, resistance to disease, resistance to market demand, and good sales. At present, feed corn uses varieties such as “Shandan 4â€, “Dandan 13†and “Zhongdan 321â€. Fresh corn used special varieties such as "Sweet Pick 1" and "Su Yu No. 1". The average direct seeding amount per mu is 1500-2000 grams.
2, seed treatment sowing before sowing 3-4 hours, usually with 50-55 °C warm water soaking 10-15 minutes, cooling and then dip 6-8 hours, then rinse with water 1-2 times to sow.
3. The output of sowing specification corn comes from the use of light energy and soil fertility. Within a certain range, the larger the leaf area coefficient, the higher the light energy utilization rate and the higher the yield. Therefore, reasonable close planting can yield high yields. Planting density must be considered in terms of variety, sowing date, soil fertility, cultivation conditions and other factors. There are two types of corn plants: flat and compact. Flat-type varieties should be sparsely planted, generally 3000-3500 acres of plants. Compact species should be dense planting, generally 4500-5500 acres of planting. There are two types of corn planting methods, such as row width and width. The row spacing is 75 centimeters, the compact type is 17-20 centimeters, and the flat type is 25-30 centimeters. The width and width of the plant are 140 centimeters wide, 40 centimeters narrow, about 15 centimeters compact and about 20 centimeters wide. At present, the type of fresh corn planted in our province is compact and suitable for dense planting. Generally, 3500-4000 plants are planted in Mu. Planting methods are mainly planted in wide and narrow rows with a width of 70 cm, a narrow row of 40-50 cm and a 30 cm spacing.
4. Sowing planting corn in our province is generally adopted direct seeding cultivation due to high temperature, and seedling transplanting is less used. The specific method is to plant the alfalfa plant. The alfalfa is 120-140 cm wide (including the ditch). The alfalfa is about 20 cm high. Two rows of shallow ditch with 50-60 cm spacing are to be opened on the alfalfa surface. The seeds are sowed in the ditch (by the spacing of the plants), covered with soil, and covered with soil 1 inch and practical.
4. Fertilizer requirements Maize has the most demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The absorption of three elements in the whole growth period is the most with nitrogen, followed by potassium, and with less phosphorus. Therefore, the fertilization of maize is mainly based on the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In general, the seedling stage (1–6 leaves) grows slowly, the plants are small, and the nutrients absorbed are also small. At this time, the amount of fertilizer should account for about 10% of the total amount of fertilizer. The jointing to flowering period (7-16 leaves) grows rapidly. At this time, it is during the period of development of male and female ear formation. The absorption of nutrients is fast and the quantity is large. It is the critical period for the plants to need nutrients. At this time, sufficient nutrients can be supplied to enable Promote many spikes and spikes. At this time, the amount of fertilizer should account for about 60% of the total amount of fertilizer. In the later period (after 17 leaves), the absorption rate will gradually slow down, and the absorption amount will also decrease. The amount of fertilizer should be about 20% of the total fertilizer. The application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally about 3:1:2.8. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in the early stage. If the amount of fertilizer is insufficient, it should be mainly used in jointing and flowering.
V. Field Management
1. Seedling management Maize seedling stage is the period of vegetative growth formed by rooting leaves and stems, nodes, and leaves. Most of the roots are formed at this time. The main target of seedling management is to promote the development of roots and cultivate strong seedlings so that Miaoquan, Miaoqi and Miaozhuang can lay a good foundation for the fertility of the ear and grain stage.
(1) Dingmiao and Miaomiao: Master the principle of “remaining strong and weak, keeping thin and dense, directional, leaving uniform, and keeping strong seedlingsâ€. Dingling is generally conducted in five true leaves, leaving one strong seedling per hole. Seedlings were used to make up seedlings, soil transferred seedlings, and water was poured to ensure the survival of seedlings. If there are too many seedlings, the seedlings can be used to solve the problem.
(2) Intertillage and weed control: Inter-tillage maize seedlings can be carried out 1-2 times, combined with fertilization and proper soil cultivation. The depth of the cultivator requires that the seedlings be shallow, deep in the rows, shallow before setting the seedlings, and deep after setting the seedlings. At the same time, attention should be paid to the control of pests and diseases.
(3) Water and Fertilizer Management: In the case of 5-6 leaves, the first application of Miao Fei, urea 7.5-10 kg per acre, in the middle of the gully, and then cover the soil. If there is water shortage during the seedling stage, irrigation should be carried out in time and it is advisable to furrow. In the case of rain, wet soil, and standing water, it is necessary to pay attention to the drainage of water in deep trenches to improve soil ventilation conditions.
2. The earlines of management during the spike stage are: attacking culms, tapping heads, and preventing dehydration due to lack of water, so that the plants are neat, the stem segments are thick and short, the leaves are thick and thick, and the roots are more coarse, and the male and female ears are well developed.
(1) Water and Fertilizer Management: In the 8-9 leaves, the second top dressing is applied, ie stalk manure is applied. This fertilizer accounts for about 25% of the total amount of fertilizer, and 10 kg of compound fertilizer per acre plus potassium chloride is applied. 7.5 kg, fertilization method is applied. In the 14-15 leaves (big bell season), the third fertilization, that is, the application of panicle fertilizer, this fertilizer accounted for about 35% of the total amount of fertilizer, 20 kg of compound fertilizer per acre plus potassium chloride 10 kg, combined with large earth. In the case of 9 leaves and 15 leaves, top dressing was carried out once a day. Mu was sprayed with 50 g of rare earth or 800-1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Corn from the jointing to the heading plants began to grow vigorously, requiring more water, especially before and after tasseling is the critical period of corn water demand, when water shortage, stunting, male and female flowering inconsistent, affecting pollination, causing baldness, lack of grain or empty stalks Therefore, this period should maintain the soil water holding capacity of 70-80%. In areas with high rainfall, pay attention to drainage. The bell-to-heading period is the endanger period of corn borer damage. Spraying 500-800 times of dipterex or dipesticide plus Bt powder is necessary to prevent corn borer.
(2) Cultivated soil: In order to prevent soil compaction, eliminate weeds, increase the growth function of roots, and promote multiple roots and deep rooting, rooting and soil cultivation should be performed according to soil and weed conditions at the heading stage. General jointing before tasseling for 1-2 cultivators, 2-4 inches deep cultivator between the rows, cut off part of the hair roots, stimulate multiple new roots, and enhance drought resistance. In the "big bell" period before the tasseling, it was once again cultivating shallowly and cultivating.
3. Management of heading and fruiting period This period is the key period for determining the number of panicles, number of seeds per panicle, and grain weight. At this time, the main task is to pay appropriate amount of fertilizer (10 kg urea), drought resistance and drainage, artificial pollination and other work. When heading, flowering and grouting should be timely irrigation, to keep the soil moist, to meet the plant's water requirements, but irrigation should not be flooded to irrigation horse water is better. Pay attention to the drainage on rainy days so as to avoid the accumulation of water and oxygen. In the flowering period of maize, in case of bad weather, artificial pollination should be performed 2-3 times, usually at 9-11 am on sunny days, which can reduce the lack of grain and baldness.
6. Prevention and control of pests and diseases In principle, prevention is the main method, and comprehensive prevention and control are used to prevent and control early detection and prevention. Maize diseases mainly include leaf spot, rust, and sheath blight. Insect pests mainly include corn borer, armyworm, corn borer, cotton bollworm, and small earthworm. Chemical control, size and leaf spot, rust can be used 500 times 50% carbendazim, sheath blight available 5% Jinggangmycin 500 times spray. Corn borer and armyworm can be used 2000 times 10% cypermethrin Bt powder 800 times, corn can be used 20% Kang Fuduo 3000 times, cotton bollworm can be used Bt powder 800 times plus Tianli powder spray 800 times.
Harvest According to different cultivation purposes, the harvest period of corn is different. Fresh sweet corn in the whole growing period of spring and autumn planting 80-85 days, summer plant 70-80 days, winter plant 90-100 days. Generally harvested 16-22 days after pollination, summer planting 16 days, winter planting 22 days, after picking the fruit to supply the market.
First, the cultivation season Our province can grow corn all year round, but due to different planting seasons, there are significant differences in production. According to the multi-year annual sowing test and the results of more than a dozen high-yielding typical varieties in our province, the yield was highest in spring maize (January 25 - February 10), followed by autumn (August 25 - September On the 10th); winter is the second time (October 20 - January 10); the most recent is the summer (April 25 - May 10). In short, the choice of the best sowing date for corn should be determined according to the use of corn and land use, and the arrangement of corn. Feeding corn is suitable for spring and autumn seeds.
Second, the selection, preparation and application of base fertilizer
1. The selected corn is a crop with good fertilizer, good warmth, a lot of oxygen, and fear of picking. Soils that are too acidic, too viscous, and thin can cause poor corn growth. Therefore, it is advisable to use a loam or sandy loam soil that is convenient for drainage and irrigation, easy to manage, and between pH 6.5-7, and above fertility.
2. Site preparation and application of base fertilizers are the preconditions for preserving seedlings. After the land is selected, deep plowing and ploughing are usually carried out to achieve two ploughs and two hoeings. The cultivating depth is 30 cm or more to meet the quality requirements for soil preparation for “land leveling, soil fineness, squeezing, and fertilityâ€. After the site preparation, double lines were planted at a line spacing of 120-140 cm to open the ditch, and 1000 kg per hectare of farmyard manure, 50 kg of bean cake and 50 kg of superphosphate were applied to the ditch; in order to facilitate irrigation and drainage, the site preparation was also performed. You should do a ditch and fix the four drains. It is required to be straight and even in the trenches, with the trenches communicating and the drainage and irrigation unimpeded.
Third, seed processing and sowing
1. Selection of improved varieties suitable for local varieties should be high-yield and stable production, good quality, resistance to disease, resistance to market demand, and good sales. At present, feed corn uses varieties such as “Shandan 4â€, “Dandan 13†and “Zhongdan 321â€. Fresh corn used special varieties such as "Sweet Pick 1" and "Su Yu No. 1". The average direct seeding amount per mu is 1500-2000 grams.
2, seed treatment sowing before sowing 3-4 hours, usually with 50-55 °C warm water soaking 10-15 minutes, cooling and then dip 6-8 hours, then rinse with water 1-2 times to sow.
3. The output of sowing specification corn comes from the use of light energy and soil fertility. Within a certain range, the larger the leaf area coefficient, the higher the light energy utilization rate and the higher the yield. Therefore, reasonable close planting can yield high yields. Planting density must be considered in terms of variety, sowing date, soil fertility, cultivation conditions and other factors. There are two types of corn plants: flat and compact. Flat-type varieties should be sparsely planted, generally 3000-3500 acres of plants. Compact species should be dense planting, generally 4500-5500 acres of planting. There are two types of corn planting methods, such as row width and width. The row spacing is 75 centimeters, the compact type is 17-20 centimeters, and the flat type is 25-30 centimeters. The width and width of the plant are 140 centimeters wide, 40 centimeters narrow, about 15 centimeters compact and about 20 centimeters wide. At present, the type of fresh corn planted in our province is compact and suitable for dense planting. Generally, 3500-4000 plants are planted in Mu. Planting methods are mainly planted in wide and narrow rows with a width of 70 cm, a narrow row of 40-50 cm and a 30 cm spacing.
4. Sowing planting corn in our province is generally adopted direct seeding cultivation due to high temperature, and seedling transplanting is less used. The specific method is to plant the alfalfa plant. The alfalfa is 120-140 cm wide (including the ditch). The alfalfa is about 20 cm high. Two rows of shallow ditch with 50-60 cm spacing are to be opened on the alfalfa surface. The seeds are sowed in the ditch (by the spacing of the plants), covered with soil, and covered with soil 1 inch and practical.
4. Fertilizer requirements Maize has the most demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The absorption of three elements in the whole growth period is the most with nitrogen, followed by potassium, and with less phosphorus. Therefore, the fertilization of maize is mainly based on the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In general, the seedling stage (1–6 leaves) grows slowly, the plants are small, and the nutrients absorbed are also small. At this time, the amount of fertilizer should account for about 10% of the total amount of fertilizer. The jointing to flowering period (7-16 leaves) grows rapidly. At this time, it is during the period of development of male and female ear formation. The absorption of nutrients is fast and the quantity is large. It is the critical period for the plants to need nutrients. At this time, sufficient nutrients can be supplied to enable Promote many spikes and spikes. At this time, the amount of fertilizer should account for about 60% of the total amount of fertilizer. In the later period (after 17 leaves), the absorption rate will gradually slow down, and the absorption amount will also decrease. The amount of fertilizer should be about 20% of the total fertilizer. The application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally about 3:1:2.8. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in the early stage. If the amount of fertilizer is insufficient, it should be mainly used in jointing and flowering.
V. Field Management
1. Seedling management Maize seedling stage is the period of vegetative growth formed by rooting leaves and stems, nodes, and leaves. Most of the roots are formed at this time. The main target of seedling management is to promote the development of roots and cultivate strong seedlings so that Miaoquan, Miaoqi and Miaozhuang can lay a good foundation for the fertility of the ear and grain stage.
(1) Dingmiao and Miaomiao: Master the principle of “remaining strong and weak, keeping thin and dense, directional, leaving uniform, and keeping strong seedlingsâ€. Dingling is generally conducted in five true leaves, leaving one strong seedling per hole. Seedlings were used to make up seedlings, soil transferred seedlings, and water was poured to ensure the survival of seedlings. If there are too many seedlings, the seedlings can be used to solve the problem.
(2) Intertillage and weed control: Inter-tillage maize seedlings can be carried out 1-2 times, combined with fertilization and proper soil cultivation. The depth of the cultivator requires that the seedlings be shallow, deep in the rows, shallow before setting the seedlings, and deep after setting the seedlings. At the same time, attention should be paid to the control of pests and diseases.
(3) Water and Fertilizer Management: In the case of 5-6 leaves, the first application of Miao Fei, urea 7.5-10 kg per acre, in the middle of the gully, and then cover the soil. If there is water shortage during the seedling stage, irrigation should be carried out in time and it is advisable to furrow. In the case of rain, wet soil, and standing water, it is necessary to pay attention to the drainage of water in deep trenches to improve soil ventilation conditions.
2. The earlines of management during the spike stage are: attacking culms, tapping heads, and preventing dehydration due to lack of water, so that the plants are neat, the stem segments are thick and short, the leaves are thick and thick, and the roots are more coarse, and the male and female ears are well developed.
(1) Water and Fertilizer Management: In the 8-9 leaves, the second top dressing is applied, ie stalk manure is applied. This fertilizer accounts for about 25% of the total amount of fertilizer, and 10 kg of compound fertilizer per acre plus potassium chloride is applied. 7.5 kg, fertilization method is applied. In the 14-15 leaves (big bell season), the third fertilization, that is, the application of panicle fertilizer, this fertilizer accounted for about 35% of the total amount of fertilizer, 20 kg of compound fertilizer per acre plus potassium chloride 10 kg, combined with large earth. In the case of 9 leaves and 15 leaves, top dressing was carried out once a day. Mu was sprayed with 50 g of rare earth or 800-1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Corn from the jointing to the heading plants began to grow vigorously, requiring more water, especially before and after tasseling is the critical period of corn water demand, when water shortage, stunting, male and female flowering inconsistent, affecting pollination, causing baldness, lack of grain or empty stalks Therefore, this period should maintain the soil water holding capacity of 70-80%. In areas with high rainfall, pay attention to drainage. The bell-to-heading period is the endanger period of corn borer damage. Spraying 500-800 times of dipterex or dipesticide plus Bt powder is necessary to prevent corn borer.
(2) Cultivated soil: In order to prevent soil compaction, eliminate weeds, increase the growth function of roots, and promote multiple roots and deep rooting, rooting and soil cultivation should be performed according to soil and weed conditions at the heading stage. General jointing before tasseling for 1-2 cultivators, 2-4 inches deep cultivator between the rows, cut off part of the hair roots, stimulate multiple new roots, and enhance drought resistance. In the "big bell" period before the tasseling, it was once again cultivating shallowly and cultivating.
3. Management of heading and fruiting period This period is the key period for determining the number of panicles, number of seeds per panicle, and grain weight. At this time, the main task is to pay appropriate amount of fertilizer (10 kg urea), drought resistance and drainage, artificial pollination and other work. When heading, flowering and grouting should be timely irrigation, to keep the soil moist, to meet the plant's water requirements, but irrigation should not be flooded to irrigation horse water is better. Pay attention to the drainage on rainy days so as to avoid the accumulation of water and oxygen. In the flowering period of maize, in case of bad weather, artificial pollination should be performed 2-3 times, usually at 9-11 am on sunny days, which can reduce the lack of grain and baldness.
6. Prevention and control of pests and diseases In principle, prevention is the main method, and comprehensive prevention and control are used to prevent and control early detection and prevention. Maize diseases mainly include leaf spot, rust, and sheath blight. Insect pests mainly include corn borer, armyworm, corn borer, cotton bollworm, and small earthworm. Chemical control, size and leaf spot, rust can be used 500 times 50% carbendazim, sheath blight available 5% Jinggangmycin 500 times spray. Corn borer and armyworm can be used 2000 times 10% cypermethrin Bt powder 800 times, corn can be used 20% Kang Fuduo 3000 times, cotton bollworm can be used Bt powder 800 times plus Tianli powder spray 800 times.
Harvest According to different cultivation purposes, the harvest period of corn is different. Fresh sweet corn in the whole growing period of spring and autumn planting 80-85 days, summer plant 70-80 days, winter plant 90-100 days. Generally harvested 16-22 days after pollination, summer planting 16 days, winter planting 22 days, after picking the fruit to supply the market.
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