Growth management technology for planting stone fruit trees in facilities
First, the growth and management of fruit
The growth of stone fruit trees is divided into three periods.
(1) The first period (rapid growth phase, cell division phase). After the flower falls, the young fruit begins to expand rapidly. In the first half (about 20-30 days), the young fruit depends on cell division to increase the fruit, while in the later stage, it depends on the cell to grow. For the cultivation of fruit trees in the facility, the first growth period ends before the nuclear begins to harden, that is, the first growth period from the flowering to the hard core is 30 to 55 days. The length of this time varies depending on the species and variety, and the growth depends mainly on the storage of nutrients in the tree. Both experimental and production practices have shown that Shuhua bud is conducive to the growth and development of young fruit. After the sprouting of peach, plum, apricot and sweet cherry, it has been growing slowly.
After the flowering period, the young fruit begins to spread, and the new shoot quickly enters the rapid growth period. If the soil moisture and nitrogen fertilizer are too much during this period, it will often cause the branches to grow, which is not conducive to the growth of young fruit, and even lead to fruit drop. Therefore, in the 3 to 5 days after the flower falls, in addition to the weak trees and the trees with too many results, as long as the soil has suitable moisture, generally do not water.
After the first physiological fruit drop, the top dressing and irrigation were carried out according to the soil moisture, the amount of fruit hanging and the precipitation at that time. At this time, it was 20 days after the flower fell.
(2) Second growth period (stop growing season, hard core period). The fruit grows slowly, but the embryo grows rapidly, and the nucleus gradually becomes lignified and hardens. The length of this period, there are obvious differences between the species and varieties. Very early maturing varieties begin to mature at the end of the first growth period, ie, the nutrient lignification has entered the mature stage. The hard-core period of early-maturing varieties is about 5 days. Because their developmental period is relatively short, it is not suitable to produce seeds with seed kernels and cannot germinate. The hard-core period of medium-maturing varieties is 10 to 35 days, the hard-core period of late-maturing varieties is more than 42 days, and the hard-core period of extremely late-maturing varieties is more than 90 days.
In the second growing season, the fruit needs a lot of nutrients such as carbohydrates. At this point, the tree nutrient conversion period has entered, that is, it depends on the leaf assimilation product formed in the current year. The hard core period is the critical period of water demand of the facility fruit trees, and it is also a critical topdressing period, that is, the lack of water and fertilizer affects the development of the fruit. Since the growth of branches during the hard core period is in a relatively slow period, the application of fertilizer water during this period is generally not long. After the fruiting, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizers are applied, followed by watering. However, too much water in the hard core period will cause the branches to grow, the light is poor, the development of the embryo is blocked, and it will also cause fruit drop. Therefore, after this period of topdressing, the irrigation should be flooded with small water, and it should not be flooded with large water.
(3) The third growth period (the second rapid growth period before fruit ripening, the sweet cherry hypertrophy period). The second rapid growth period of the fruit immediately after the hard core period. The length of this period is also related to tree species and varieties. The early maturing varieties are 20 to 36 days, and the mid-maturing varieties are 52 days. The growth rate of fruit in this period was the fastest in 10 to 20 days before fruit picking, and the weight gain was obvious. The management points of the facility fruit trees during this period: First, the external temperature is already high, and ventilation should be increased to avoid high temperature hazards. Second, after entering the coloring period, the leaves around the fruit are removed in time to promote fruit coloring.
Peach, plum and apricot from the fall to the late maturity, the very early maturing varieties are around 50 days, the early maturing varieties are around 90 days, the medium maturity varieties are 113-130 days, and the late-maturing varieties are about 144 days. Early-maturing varieties and very early-maturing varieties are suitable for early cultivation, and very late-maturing varieties can be used for post-cultivation.
Second, fruit ripening and harvesting
When the fruit of the fruit cultivation fruit tree is immature, the fruit contains the original pectin material, the fruit cells are tight, and the fruit is hard. About 15 days before fruit ripening, the respiration of the fruit increased sharply, the ethylene content in the fruit increased, the original pectin was decomposed into pectin, the cell cell binding force decreased, and the fruit became soft. At this time, the internal change of the fruit was increased by sucrose content. There is a strong aroma, the appearance of the change is the chlorophyll fade, showing the background color and color of this variety.
Cultivation management techniques and climatic conditions have a significant impact on the quality and maturity of the fruit trees in the facility. Practice has shown that the application of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in the third growth period of the fruit will promote the growth of new shoots, thus delaying the maturity of the fruit. If the result is too much, the maturity will be delayed. Insufficient illumination, excessive results, reduced fruit, reduced sugar content, and decreased quality.
The maturity and harvesting period of the fruit trees of the facility cultivation are not completely consistent, but are harvested in advance according to needs and transportation conditions. The fruit of the facilities is mostly fresh fruit. Peach, apricot, plum and sweet cherries are generally not resistant to storage and transportation. Therefore, harvesting should be carried out in advance and in stages and in batches. Long-distance transportation should be harvested when the seven-eighth matures; when transported at close range, it can be harvested when it is mature, that is, when it reaches the hands of consumers, it can fully exert the excellent traits of this variety. Local sales can be harvested when fully cooked.
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