Black potato biological characteristics and efficient cultivation techniques
With the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for special potato varieties is also increasingly on the agenda. The black potato has a unique color and bright appearance, and has the effects of preventing cancer and beauty. Let's learn about its cultivation techniques together below.
First, black potato characteristics
The potato body is long oval, the skin is smooth, black and purple, black and shiny, and shiny. The seedlings are erect, the plants are luxuriant, the plant type is tall, and the growth potential is strong. The plant height is 60 cm, the stem is 1.37 cm thick, the stem is dark purple, and the cross section is triangular. The average yield per mu is 2,000 kg to 2,500 kg, which is about 15% higher than that of ordinary varieties. It is suitable for cultivation in the main potato producing areas and secondary producing areas of the country, and its development prospects are promising.
Second, the edible value of black potatoes
Black potato is rich in nutrients, containing 2.3 grams of protein per 100 grams, 0.1 grams of fat, 16.5 grams of carbohydrates, 11 milligrams of calcium, 1.2 milligrams of iron, 64 milligrams of phosphorus, 342 milligrams of potassium, 22.9 milligrams of magnesium, 0.01 milligrams of carotene, thiamine. 0.1 mg, riboflavin 0.03 mg, niacin 0.4 mg, anti-ascorbic acid 16 mg, anthocyanin 100 mg. Black potatoes can be used as both side dishes and special dishes. Stir-fried, fried, roasted, boiled, braised, steamed, fried, etc., can make 500 delicious foods of different shapes and colors. In addition, it is rich in antioxidants, and it can maintain its original natural color without being added with pigment after high-temperature frying.
Third, preparation for preparation
1. Selection of land parcels, loose and well-permeable soil layering. Therefore, the selection of high-lying terrain, flat terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, loose soil, rich and fertile sandy loam soil is the soil foundation to ensure high yield.
2, sputum arrangement, black potato bogey and tobacco, eggplant, pepper, sweet potato and other Solanaceae crop rotation, wheat, corn, Chinese cabbage, radish and green onions and other crops are better.
3, land preparation, in order to achieve high yield and variety of black potatoes, the planting land should be deep tillage before winter, the general depth of cultivation is 25-30 cm. In the early spring, fine soil preparation is carried out to achieve fine soil and no large clods, which enhances the water retention capacity of the soil.
4, the foot fertilizer, black potato is a high-yield fertilizer crop. For each 100 kilograms of fresh potatoes, nitrogen O.50 kg, phosphorus 0.20 kg, potassium 0.95 kg, the absorption ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally 2 :1:4. It should be based on cattle, sheep, pigs, chicken manure and green manure, compost, supplemented with appropriate fertilizer. According to the soil nutrient test results and the fertilizer requirements, the fertilization plan is determined. Combined with the soil preparation, the decomposed organic fertilizer is applied for 3 to 5 ms per 667 m2, the superphosphate is 80-100 kg, the potassium sulfate fertilizer is 15-20 kg, and the urea is 15 kg.
Fourth, seed potato treatment measures
1. Select seed potatoes, 20-30 days before planting. Select seed potatoes, choose seedless potatoes with no disease, no wounds, smooth skin, fresh skin color, many bud eyes, uniform size and variety characteristics. , cracks, necrosis of the eyes, potato chips with disease spots. About 120 kg of seed potatoes are needed for every 667 square meters. It is good to cut the teeth in one or two seeds, which will be very productive.
2, seed potato cut germination, germination before sowing, can promote early emergence, increase field growth period, increase production. Yangshuo, mantle, and greenhouse can be used as germination sites. The seed potatoes obtained after screening are placed in a dark environment at 20 ° C for warm seed germination. When the buds are exposed at about 0.5 cm, the dicing is performed in the order of the buds. Starting from the tail of the potato stalk, the spurs are spirally cut. The top is divided into two. Ensure that each cut piece has l~2 top buds, the dicing should be uniform, generally the weight of each seed potato is about 25 grams, and the dicing tool should be made with 75% alcohol. Strict disinfection.
3, the agent treatment, the cut potato pieces into 0.01% boric acid or 500 times 50% carbendazim solution, soak for 5 to 10 minutes and then remove the drain dry. Move the dried potato pieces to the warm sunny place for 3 to 5 days. Maintain a temperature of about 15 °C to make the young shoots green and strong.
Fifth, timely seeding
1. During the colonization period, the black potato sprouts began to germinate when the temperature exceeded 5 °C. The growth is robust and rapid at 18 °C. Under normal circumstances, the local temperature can be sown through 5 °C. The suitable land cultivation mode in Tianjin is generally in the middle and late March and early April. It is too early. The seedlings are vulnerable to freezing damage, and they can not be listed first in the late, which affects planting benefits.
2, sorghum mulch film covering, double-row cultivation using sorghum mulching film double-row cultivation can increase the ground temperature of 3-5 ° C, early planting period of about 15 days, at the same time, black potato normal growth to create a healthy, loose environment, but also beneficial to artificial or Mechanical harvesting. According to the line spacing of 100cm, the height is 20cm and the width is 70cm. The turtle's back is slightly higher in the middle. After the flattening, spray 100-150g of acetochlor per 667 square meters to 40-50kg of water to prevent weeds. : Covering with a mulch with a width of 90 cm and a thickness of 0.008 mm, the film should be tight. Press a soil belt every 2-3 m to prevent the wind from uncovering the film. The mulched roast can be planted after 3-5 days.
3, reasonable close planting, black potato should be thinly planted, using double-row cultivation, line spacing 40 cm, plant spacing 33 cm, about 4,000 plants per 667 square meters. When planting, depending on the row spacing, use the hole opener to play 8-10 cm deep The planting hole. Then put the seed germination on the top, and seal the membrane hole with fine soil.
6. Field management technology
Black potato has only about 65 days of growth time after seedlings. Therefore, field management should emphasize an "early" word. Production should master the principle of promoting and controlling. Technical management should be timely, early tillage, early topdressing, early watering. Promote roots, promote trees and promote early development. After flowering, according to the weather, soil moisture, plant growth, as appropriate, topdressing, small water and water, to promote the potato, to control the growth of the potato, to achieve coordinated growth. It is necessary to prevent premature senescence in the late stage, but also to control the late stem and leaf length.
1. Check the seedlings and make up the seedlings, keep the soil moisture and stabilize the ground temperature after cultivating the grass. After the seedlings are unearthed, check the seedlings and make up the seedlings in time, and carry out 3-4 inter-membrane shallow cultivating before sowing to cover the ridges to keep the soil loose. Increase the ground temperature, eliminate weeds between the ridges, and cultivate strong seedlings in the field.
2, topdressing, in the premise of applying the base fertilizer, after the field seedlings, in order to promote the early emergence of seedlings. Can be sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 2-3 times, depending on the growth of the seedlings, in the group Before the plant is closed to the ridge, 15-20 kg of urea is applied per 667 square meters of combined irrigation.
3, the flower buds are removed, the potato buds begin to expand at the beginning of the bud period, and the flowering period enters the rapid expansion period. At this time, the flower buds should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the development of potato stalks.
4. Scientifically prevent plants from growing and lodging, and increasing the rate of large and medium-sized potatoes. When the black potato plant height is 15-20 cm, spray 5% paclobutrazol 15 g on water 30 kg, the effect is very good.
5, water management, before the buds mainly rely on soil moisture to provide water for the plants. Master the drought without pouring; in the bud stage, the black potato enters the tuber expansion period. It should be watered in time to keep the soil moist, usually every 15 days 1 time water. When filling the water, be careful not to let the water flow over the ridge back to cause soil compaction. In order to improve the yield and improve the quality, the black potato should be properly controlled in the late growth stage, stop watering 10 days before harvest, and prevent the tubers from being over-wet. The disease reduces the storage resistance.
Seven, timely harvest
Most of the stems and leaves of potato plants turn from green to yellow and gradually wither. The stem shrinkage and stem detachment are the signs of maturity. In this case, timely harvest should be avoided to avoid underground pest damage. Try to avoid rainy weather when harvesting. When selecting sunny days and low soil moisture, try to avoid mechanical damage. Improve merchandise, and adopt field grading packaging to effectively improve economic efficiency.
At present, the cultivation area of ​​black potatoes in China is still small, and the price per kilogram is between 6 yuan and 8 yuan, which is 6 times to 8 times that of ordinary potatoes. The market is prosperous and the economic benefits are considerable. Farmers with needs can refer to
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